| Heffner, H. E. (1983). Hearing in large and small dogs: Absolute thresholds and size of the tympanic membrane. Behavioral Neuroscience, 97(2), 310–318. |
 
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| Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard Last edited by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 3/3/25, 6:04 AM |
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| Heidegger, M. (1977). The question concerning technology and other essays. W. Lovitt, Trans. New York & London: Garland Publishing. |
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| Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard Last edited by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 5/10/23, 9:57 AM |
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| "But we do not yet hear, we whose hearing and seeing are perishing through radio and film under the rule of technology." |
| Heidegger, M. (1962). Being and time. J. Macquarrie & E. Robinson, Trans. Oxford: Blackwell. |
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| Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard Last edited by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 12/11/23, 12:24 PM |
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| "We can make clear the connection of discourse with understanding and intelligibility by considering an existential possibility which belongs to talking itself—hearing. If we have not heard 'aright', it is not by accident that we say we have not 'understood'. Hearing is constitutive for discourse." |
| Heidegger spends a few lines discussing the primacy of vision or 'seeing.' He follows Augustine and Aristotle in equating the verb 'to see' with 'to understand' and cognition – 'I see what you mean,' for example. He quotes Aristotle: "The care for seeing is essential to man's Being" (215) – "cognition was conceived [by the ancient Greeks] in terms of 'the desire to see'." |
| "It requires a very artificial and complicated frame-of-mind to 'hear' a 'pure noise'. The fact that motor-cycles and waggons are what we proximally hear is the phenomenal evidence that in every case Dasein, as Being-in-the-world, already dwells alongside what is ready-to-hand within-the-world; it certainly does not dwell proximally alongside 'sensations'; nor would it first have to give shape to the swirl of sensations to provide the springboard from which the subject leaps off and finally arrives at a 'world'. Dasein, as essentially understanding, is proximally alongside what is understood." |
| "It is on the basis of this potentiality for hearing, which is existentially primary, that anything like hearkening becomes possible. Hearkening is phenomenally still more primordial than what is defined 'in the first instance' as "hearing" in psychology—the sensing of tones and the perception of sounds. Hearkening too has the kind of Being of the hearing which understands. What we 'first' hear is never noises or complexes of sounds but the creaking waggon, the motor-cycle. We hear the column on the march, the north wind, the woodpecker tapping, the fire crackling." |
| Heuson, J. L. (2012). Heidegger's ears: Hearing, attunement, and the acoustic shaping of Being and Time. Contemporary Music Review, 31(5–6), 411–423. |
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| Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard Last edited by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 1/24/25, 2:46 AM |
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| Test quote. |
| Howard, C. Q., Hansen, C. H., & Zander, A. C. (2004). A review of current airborne ultrasound exposure limits. Journal of Occupational Health and Safety - Australia and New Zealand, 21(3), 253–257. |
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| Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 11/29/22, 7:51 AM |
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Concensus on ultrasound exposure in SPL below 4 hours.
Frequency
(kHz) |
Sound Pressure Level
(dB re 20mPa) |
| 20 |
75 |
| 25 |
110 |
| 31.5 |
110 |
| 40 |
110 |
| 50 |
110 |
Later (p. 258) cites recommendations (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists) suggesting that exposure levels may be 30dB higher than the above. |
| Claims that the output at 1m of some parabolic speakers is +130dB and even as high as 140dB. |
| Leighton, T. G., Lineton, B., Dolder, C., & Fletcher, M. D. (2020). Public exposure to airborne ultrasound and very high frequency sound. Acoustics Today, 16(3), 17–26. |
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| Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard Last edited by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 12/6/22, 10:58 AM |
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Provides a map of London showing peaks in the range 17.4–22.4kHz measured c.2017 by public smartphones (Fletcher et al. 2018).
Fletcher, M. D., Jones, S. L., White, P. R., Dolder, C. N., Lineton, B., & Leighton, T. G. (2018). Public exposure to ultrasound and very high-frequency sound in air. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 144(4), 2554–2564. |
| Plato. (2000). Timaeus. D. J. Zeyl, Trans. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Company. |
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| Added by: alexb44 Last edited by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 6/11/25, 10:18 AM |
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| Sound as percussion transmitted to the soul - Plato defines sound as a physical event, a "percussion" or blow that travels through the air and affects the sense organs, with the motion ultimately being relayed to the soul:
"A third kind of perception that we want to consider is hearing. We must describe the causes that produce the properties connected with this perception. In general, let us take it that sound is the percussion of air by way of the ears upon the brain and the blood and transmitted to the soul, and that hearing is the motion caused by the percussion that begins in the head and ends in the place where the liver is situated."
Pitch and quality - The qualities of sound, such as pitch and texture, are determined by the speed and regularity of these percussions:
"And let us take it that whenever the percussion is rapid, the sound is high-pitched, and that the slower the percussion, the lower the pitch. A regular percussion produces a uniform, smooth sound, while a contrary one produces one that is rough. A forceful percussion produces a loud sound, while a contrary one produces one that is soft."
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| The purpose of hearing is speech and harmony - like sight, hearing is given by the gods for a higher, intellectual purpose. Its primary functions are to enable speech (logos) and the understanding of harmony, which helps to bring order to the soul:
"Likewise, the same account goes for sound and hearing—these too are the gods’ gifts, given for the same purpose and intended to achieve the same result. Speech (logos) was designed for this very purpose—it plays the greatest part in its achievement. And all such composition (mousikē) as lends itself to making audible musical sound (phōnē) is given in order to express harmony, and so serves this purpose as well."
On harmony:
"And harmony, whose movements are akin to the orbits within our souls, is a gift of the Muses, if our dealings with them are guided by understanding, not for irrational pleasure, for which people nowadays seem to make use of it, but to serve as an ally in the fight to bring order to any orbit in our souls that has become unharmonized and make it concordant with itself." |
| Smith, S. D., Nixon, C. W., & Von Gierke, H. E. (2006). Damage risk criteria for hearing and human body vibration. In I. L. Vér & L. L. Beranek (Eds.), Noise and Vibration Control Engineering: Principles and Applications 2nd ed. (pp. 857–886). Wiley Online Library. (Original work published 2005). |
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| Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 12/6/22, 10:54 AM |
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| "ultrasonic energy at frequencies above about 17kHz and at levels in excess of about 70dB may produce adverse subjective effects experienced as fullness in the ear, fatigue, headache, and malaise." |
| Different recommendations and regulations around the globe for exposure to ultrasound: WHO 110dB, USA and Seden, 115dB, and Norway 120dB for frequencies higher than 22kHz (3rd 8ve band). |
| Windmill, J. F. C., & Jackson, J. C. (2016). Mechanical specializations of insect ears. In G. S. Pollack, A. C. Mason, A. N. Popper & R. R. Fay (Eds.), Insect Hearing (pp. 125–157). Switzerland: Springer Nature. |
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| Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard Last edited by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 2/28/25, 2:44 AM |
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| "The sound frequencies exploited by different species of katydids [crickets] vary across a huge range from 2 to 150 kHz." |
