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Affordance. (2004-2006). Wikipedia, Retrieved March 20, 2006, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affordance   
Last edited by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 15/05/2006, 12:45
Gibson originally introduced it as an objective term referring to all action possibilities that are possible and within the capabilities of the subject. Donald Norman refined this in 1988 to a subjective perceived affordance that includes definitions of what is likely to happen based upon the subject's experiences, beliefs etc.
A perceived affordance (according to the field of ecological cognition) leads the subject to derive a plan to act upon that affordance. Unless cognitive dissonance occurs (using the object in ways other than suggested by the affordances), that plan will be acted upon.
Sanders, J. T. (1993). Merleau-Ponty, Gibson, and the materiality of meaning. Man and World, 26, 287–302.   
Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 13/12/2023, 07:54
Discussing Merleau-Ponty's and Gibson's work in the context of the doctrine of the materiality of meaning. That is, meaning, or significance, is to be found, or is something that exists, out in the world where that world is external to self. Thus, Gibson's affordances are things already in the world and, using Merleau-Ponty's ideas, significance is already found in the world through our most basic encounters with it.
Schott, G., & Kambouri, M. (2003). Moving between the spectral and material plane: Interactivity in social play with computer games. Convergence, 9(3), 41–55.   
Last edited by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 20/10/2006, 12:07
The authors note that those new to a game may use its elements in different ways to the expert.
Zhang, J. Categorization of affordances. Retrieved March 20, 2006, from http://acad88.sahs.uth. ... /hi6301/affordance.html   
Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 20/03/2006, 16:30
Zhang applies Gibson's system of affordances to the theory of distributed representation:

a) The external representational space is specified by the environment's information and structures.
b) The internal representational space is specified by the organism's physical structures and biological, perceptual and cognitive mechanisms and faculties.
c) The affordance space is the distributed representational space specified by external and internal representational space.
d) Both internal and external representational spaces can be defined by constraints and allowable actions.
e) If the two spaces are defined by constraints then the affordance space is defined as the disjunction (i.e. sum) of all constraints.
f) If the two spaces are defined by actions, the affordance space is the conjunction (i.e. actions common across both spaces) of these actions.

Gibson's original system of affordances while not denying the importance of memory in the construction of affordances, ignored the concept or possibility of internal representation.
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