| Damasio, A. (2006). Descartes' error. Revised ed. London: Vintage. (Original work published 1994). |
 
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| Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 11/05/2012, 09:04 |
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| Damasio proposes a Somatic-Marker hypothesis which integrates feelings generated by secondary emotions into rational decision making. |
| Evans, D. (2001). Emotion: A very short introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. |
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| Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 28/05/2011, 07:52 |
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The higher cognitive emotions, guilt, love, revenge etc., "seem to exhibit a kind of 'global rationality' that saves pure reason from itself" (p.36).
Robert Frank says that such emotions, which evolved later than the basic emotions, are related to commitment issues. e.g. facial expressions of guilt demonstrate untrustworthiness -- if you can be trusted, others are more happy to work with you. Signs of love demonstrate commitment to another. A reputation for revenge means you will be less likely to be a victim. |
| Szabó Gendler, T. (2010). Intuition, imagination, & philosophical methodology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. |
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| Last edited by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 21/10/2023, 06:42 |
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| The ability to reason properly and correctly is usually better "when the materials are presented with familiar content." e.g. the facility to undertake simple arithmatic is improved when the symbols used are simple rather than complex. If x = 1 and y = 2 then x + y = ? rather than if B1 = 1 and B2 = 2 then B1 + B2 = ? If nonsense terms are used, this becomes difficult although some individuals have no problem. |
Examples of belief-bias in selection tasks and matching-bias.
Matching-bias -- in a selection task, if items available for selection are given in the statement to be tested, subjects will invariably pick them even if the reasoning is invalid.
There are examples of context-based effects too. |
Reasoning (according to Steven Sloman's Two Systems) involves two systems: Associative and Rule-based. The first (System 1) operates on similarity, contiguity, is automatic, uses generalization, soft constraints and is exemplified by intuition, imagination, fantasy, creativity etc.
Rule-based reasoning (System 2) uses symbol manipulation, derives knowledge from language, culture and formal systems, uses hard constraints, can operate on concrete, general and abstract concepts and is exemplified by explanation, deliberation, verification, formal analysis, strategic memory.
Division into two systems may be simplisitic but there is certainly not just one system used for reasoning. |
