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Hendrix, C., & Barfield, W. (1996). The sense of presence within auditory virtual environments. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 5(3), 290–301. 
Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard (06/02/2018, 10:22)   Last edited by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard (27/07/2018, 08:52)
Resource type: Journal Article
Peer reviewed
DOI: 10.1162/pres.1996.5.3.290
ID no. (ISBN etc.): 1054-7460
BibTeX citation key: Hendrix1996
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Categories: Embodied Cognition
Keywords: Externalization, Immersion, Presence, Self-presence, Virtual environment
Creators: Barfield, Hendrix
Publisher: MIT Press (Cambridge, Massachusetts)
Collection: Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Views: 19/417
Abstract
"Two studies were performed to investigate the sense of presence within stereoscopic virtual environments as a function of the addition or absence of auditory cues. The first study examined the presence or absence of spatialized sound, while the second study compared the use of nonspatialized sound to spatialized sound. Sixteen subjects were allowed to navigate freely throughout several virtual environments and for each virtual environment, their level of presence, the virtual world realism, and interactivity between the participant and virtual environment were evaluated using survey questions. The results indicated that the addition of spatialized sound significantly increased the sense of presence but not the realism of the virtual environment. Despite this outcome, the addition of a spatialized sound source significantly increased the realism with which the subjects interacted with the sound source, and significantly increased the sense that sounds emanated from specific locations within the virtual environment. The results suggest that, in the context of a navigation task, while presence in virtual environments can be improved by the addition of auditory cues, the perceived realism of a virtual environment may be influenced more by changes in the visual rather than auditory display media. Implications of these results for presence within auditory virtual environments are discussed."
  
Notes
Implicit assumptions here are that there is an equation between realism and presence hence surprise when results show an increased presence is perceived but not an increased realism.

Note that the experiments' auditory technology did not include a) any reverberation and b) recognition of head-movement when wearing headphones (two significant cues for externalization of sound).


Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard  Last edited by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard
Paraphrases
p.292   Auditory elements of virtual environments can be more susceptible to non-externalization than other elements such as visual, tactile etc. and this weakens presence.   Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard
Keywords:   Externalization Immersion Presence Virtual environment
p.292  

Following Loomis, the authors describe the phenomenal world as the one we are perceptually aware of whereas the physical world is one that is inferred by observation and reasoning (Loomis 1992).



Loomis, J. M. (1992). Distal attribution and presence. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 1(1), 113–119.   Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard
Keywords:   Externalization Immersion Presence Virtual environment
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