Barfield, W., Zeltzer, D., Sheridan, T. B., & Slater, M. (1995). Presence and performance within virtual environments. In W. Barfield & T. A. Furness III (Eds.), Virtual Environments and Advanced Interface Design. (pp. 473–513). New York: Oxford University Press.
Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard Last edited by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 06/07/2020, 09:01
The authors base their definition of presence in virtual environments (being there) on presence in non-virtual or real worlds and take this foundational definition from Webster's: ""Presence" generally refers to the sense of being present in time or space at a particular location"
"An important point to emphasize is that it is necessary for attentional resources to be directed to stimulus information before the sense of presence can occur."
Note that presence can occur when only a subset of sensory modalities are engaged. Claim that many VEs "successfully invoke presence" via auditory and visual modalities only.
Sheridan, T. B. (1992). Defining our terms. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 1(2), 272–274.
Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard Last edited by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 17/07/2018, 12:26
While a teleoperator is a machine operated at a distance by a human, telepresence, is the feeling the human of being "physically present at the remote site. This can be a matter of degree [...] In a loose sense, telepresence, may be achieved through artistry without high technology, for example, by clever storytelling. In this sense it is synonymous with virtual presence [...] but it seems best to retain telepresence to refer to sense of presence in actual environments (including prerecording and later reproduction of a display of an actual environment"
"In some ideal sense, and with sufficiently good technology, a person would not be able to distinguish between actual presence, telepresence, and virtual presence."
Virtual presence, virtual environment, virtual reality, artificial reality. Sheridan views these as synonymous (although admitting that one is the experience and each of the others are what is experienced). Virtual presence differs to telepresence in that the environment in which one is present is generated by a computer.
Sheridan, T. B. (1992). Musings on telepresence and virtual presence. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 1(1), 120–127.
Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard Last edited by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 11/09/2018, 17:17
"given sufficiently high-fidelity display, a mental attitude of willing acceptance, and a modicum of motor "participation" [...] the human operator experiences "telepresence" (sense of being physically present with virtual object(s) at the remote teleoperator site) or "virtual presence" (sense of being physically present with visual, auditory, or force displays generated by a computer)."
"is sense of "presence" simply a concomitant benign phenomenon, or even a distraction? Or is the quality of "presence" the critical psychological indicator of physical stimulus sufficiency?"
At time of writing, Sheridan states that the latest technologies driving presence are video and graphics technologies, 'head-coupled displays', devices such as data gloves and body suits, 'cutaneous stimulation devices' and 'high-bandwidth, multi-degree-of-freedom force feedback.'
Sheridan, T. B. (1996). Further musings on the psychophysics of presence. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 5(2), 241–246.
Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 27/07/2018, 12:11
Sheridan, T. B. (1999). Descartes, Heidegger, Gibson, and God: Toward an eclectic ontology of presence. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 8(5), 551–559.
Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard Last edited by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 12/05/2020, 10:06
Sheridan, T. B. (2016). Recollections on Presence beginnings, and some challenges for augmented and virtual reality. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 25(1).
Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard Last edited by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 09/03/2018, 12:22
