Sound Research WIKINDX

List Resources

Displaying 1 - 4  of 4
Order by

Ascending
Descending
 
Display options Hint
Use all checked: 
Use all displayed: 
Use all in list: 
Aquinas, T. (1267). Lecture 16: The causes of sound and echo. Retrieved September 30, 2024, from https://aquinas.cc/la/en/~DeAn.Bk2.L16   
Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 30/09/2024, 17:24
Aquinas, T. (1267). Lecture 17: High and low sounds and the medium of hearing. Retrieved September 30, 2024, from https://aquinas.cc/la/en/~DeAn.Bk2.L17   
Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 30/09/2024, 17:24
Galilei, G. (1623). Il saggiatore. Rome: Giacomo Mascardi.    
Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard   Last edited by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 27/08/2026, 02:29
"There remains the air itself, an element available for sounds, which come to us indifferently from below, above, and from all sides–for we reside in the air and its movements displace it equally in all directions. The location of the ear is most fittingly accommodated to all positions in space. Sounds are made and heard by us when the air–without any special property of "sonority" or "transonority"–is ruffled by a rapid tremor into very minute waves and moves certain cartilages of a tympanum in our ear. External means capable of thus ruffling the air are very numerous, but for the most part they may be reduced to the trembling of some body which pushes the air and disturbs it. Waves are propagated very rapidly in this way, and high tones are produced by frequent waves and low tones by sparse ones." (p.276).

"To excite in us tastes, odors, and sounds I believe that nothing is required in external bodies except shapes, numbers, and slow or rapid movements. I think that if ears, tongues, and noses were temporarily removed, shapes and numbers and motions would remain, but not odors or tastes or sounds. The latter, I believe, are nothing more than names when separated from living beings [...] many sensations which are supposed to be qualities residing in external objects have no real existence save in us" (p.277).

From the 1957 translation: Galilei, Galileo, 1623 [1957], Il Saggiatore (The Assayer), Rome. Translated in Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo, Stillman Drake (trans.), New York: Anchor Books, 1957.

Italian version (NB text recognition so some misrecognition e.g. 'u' for 'v'):
"Resta poi l'elemento dell'aria per li suoni, i quali indifferentemente vengono à noi dalle parti basse, e dall'alte, e dalle Laterali, essendo noi constituiti nell'aria, il cui mouimento in se stessa, cioè nella propria regione, è egualmente disposto per tutti i versi, e la situazion dell'orecchio è accommodata il più, che sia possibile, à tutte le positure di luogo, ed i suoni all'ora son fatti e sentiti in noi, quando (senz'altre qualità sonore, ò transonore) vn frequente tremor dell'aria in minutissime onde increspata muoue certa cartilaggine di certo timpano, ch'è nel nostro orecchio. Le maniere poi esterne potenti à far questo increspamento nell'aria sono moltissime, le quali forse si riducono in gran parte al tremore di qualche corpo, che vrtando nell'aria, l'increspa, e per essa con gran velocità si distendono l'onde, dalla frequenza delle quali nasce l'acutezza del suono, e la grauità dalla rarità."

"Mà che ne' corpi esterni per eccitare in noi i sapori, gli odori, e i suoni, si richiegga altro, che grandezze figure, moltitudini, e mouimenti, tardi ò veloci, io non lo credo; e stimo, che tolti via gli orecchi, le lingue, e i nasi, restino bene le figure, i numeri, e i moti, mà non già gli odori, ne i sapori, ne i suoni, li quali fuor dell'animal viuente, non credo, che sieno altro, che nomi [...] E tornando al primo mio proposito in questo luogo, auendo già veduto, come molte affezzioni, che sono riputate qualità risedenti ne' soggetti esterni, non anno veramente altra essistenza che in noi"

O'Callaghan, C. (2009). Sounds and events. In M. Nudds & C. O'Callaghan (Eds.), Sounds & Perception. (pp. 26–49). Oxford: Oxford University Press.    
Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard   Last edited by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 27/08/2026, 07:50
"sounds are particular events of a certain kind. They are events in which a moving object disturbs a surrounding medium and sets it moving. The strikings and crashings are not the sounds, but are the causes of sounds. The waves in the medium are not the sounds themselves, but are the effects of sounds."
"Sounds are events that take place near their sources, not in the intervening space."
"Sounds are stationary relative to their sources"
"[T]here is the event of an object or substance setting a medium into periodic motion. This is sound."

O'Callaghan presents 3 theories of sound:

1. Sounds are properties of bodies. A view held from Locke onwards -- bodies and objects possess sounds when they vibrate at particular frequencies and amplitudes.

2. Classic acoustic theory. Sounds are waves produced by vibrating bodies -- thus, we do not immediately hear the property a body 'possesses' but only hear the sound as a compression wave through a medium.

3. Sounds are events. O'Callaghan arrives at the 'event view' of sound from Aristotle's writings: sound is a movement (as per Aristotle) but O'Callaghan interprets this as -- the movement need not be the medium but can be the event that causes the medium's disturbance/movement. Sound is 'the act of one thing moving another' (p.27). cf Aristotle (Arisotle 350 BCE).

WIKINDX 6.18.0-rc1 | Total resources: 1574 | Username: -- | Bibliography: WIKINDX Master Bibliography | Style: American Psychological Association (APA) | Time Zone: Europe/Copenhagen (+02:00)