Barfield, W., Zeltzer, D., Sheridan, T. B., & Slater, M. (1995). Presence and performance within virtual environments. In W. Barfield & T. A. Furness III (Eds.), Virtual Environments and Advanced Interface Design. (pp. 473–513). New York: Oxford University Press.
Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard Last edited by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 06/07/2020, 09:01
The authors base their definition of presence in virtual environments (being there) on presence in non-virtual or real worlds and take this foundational definition from Webster's: ""Presence" generally refers to the sense of being present in time or space at a particular location"
"An important point to emphasize is that it is necessary for attentional resources to be directed to stimulus information before the sense of presence can occur."
Note that presence can occur when only a subset of sensory modalities are engaged. Claim that many VEs "successfully invoke presence" via auditory and visual modalities only.
Zeltzer, D. (1992). Autonomy, interaction, and presence. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 1(1), 127–132.
Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard Last edited by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 11/09/2018, 17:15
"What visual cue should be provided to the HMD wearer, beyond this null-stimulus, so that he or she feels "present" in some environment?"
"[discussing the presence brought about by the HMD graphics] the visual field must provide some structured imagery lest the wearer feel immersed in a featureless void"
Zeltzer asks "present where and for what purpose" and, in this, prefigures future definitions of presence.
"a widely accepted working hypothesis states that using our familiar sensorimotor skills to manipulate virtual objects directly by means of whole-hand input devices, like the VPL DataGlove, contributes to our sense of presence much more than writing programs, twisting knobs, or pushing a mouse to accomplish the same task. Thus the presence dimension [of the AIP cube model] provides a measure of the degree to which input and output channels of the machine and the human participant(s) are matched."
