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Cohen, M., & Wenzel, E. M. The design of multimodal sound interfaces. In W. Barfield & T. A. Furness III (Eds.), Virtual Environments and Advanced Interface Design. (pp. 291–346). New York: Oxford University Press.   
Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard   Last edited by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 22/07/2020, 15:07
Wenzel, E. M. (1992). Localization in virtual acoustic displays. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 1(1), 80–107.    
Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard   Last edited by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 28/02/2018, 08:15
Enumerates some useful features of sound:

  1. heard in 3D simultaneously.
  2. tends to produce a state of alertness.
  3. is detected far earlier than a visual signal.

The above aided and abetted by the fact that humans are "extremely sensitive to changes in an acoustic signal over time." 		 
"The combination of veridical spatial cues with good principles of iconic design could provide an extremely powerful and information-rich display that is also quite easy to use."  
"...the primary difficulties for synthesizing spatial information in virtual acoustic displays will be ensuring reliable elevation discrimination and the elimination or, at least, minimization of reversals."  
A survey of the current (1992) state of localization research in acoustics.

Critique of the duplex theory (IID and ITD) and mention of the filtering effect of the pinna in both azimuth and elevation detection when combined with duplex theory.

In-head localisation (IHL) over headphones; listeners fail to externalise sound. Externalisation may be aided by the addition of environmental cues while familiarity with the sound (its frequency specturm) may also help.

Discussion on distance perception -- humans are poor at it.
Wenzel, E. M. (1994). Spatial sound and sonification. In G. Kramer (Ed), Auditory Display: Sonification, Audification, and Auditory Interfaces. (pp. 127–150). Reading MA: Addison-Wesley.    
Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 28/09/2005, 10:42
Explaining the "cocktail effect": "...spatial separation of sounds improves the intelligibility of signals in a background of noise or other voices."  
Makes the point that sensory interaction or synergism is of increasing importance in virtual reality.
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