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Herrera, G., Jordan, R., & Vera, L. (2006). Agency and presence: A common dependence on subjectivity? Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 15(5), 539–552.    
Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard   Last edited by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 14/08/2020, 15:35

"Presence, then, can be considered to be a conceptualization for virtual environments of the conscious awareness of self, as both agent and experiencer, which characterizes the experiencing self of natural environments (i.e., using Brewer’s conceptualization)." (Brewer 1986)

 
"Agency, then, is a regulating variable or, if preferred, one of the components that correlates with (and perhaps determines) the level and type of presence obtained."  
Their definition of agency is "the exercise of a capacity for first person experience [that includes] information-processing and control [and] self-knowledge that is available to agents and to agents alone."  

"The perceptions we receive from our senses have a very important role in the configuration of the sense of being there as they keep us connected with reality at every moment. Relevant here is the concept of affordances as noted by Zahorik et al. (1998) in the context of artificial environments. Affordances, as Gibson suggested (Gibson & Walker, 1984), define the opportunities for perception and action offered by the environment in the context of the individual’s capacities: they are things that one perceives directly (without the need of a mental representation process)."

(Zahorik & Jenison 1998).

 

"it is through inter-subjectivity that we are enabled to take a subjective stance and thus have a sense of presence."

 

Long, R., Sebo, J., Butlin, P., Finlinson, K., Fish, K., & Harding, J., et al. (2024). Taking AI welfare seriously. Anthropic.    
Added by: alexb44   Last edited by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 27/07/2026, 15:49
"Of course, in humans and many other animals, a rich understanding of social and environmental context and the expressive power of language, among other capabilities, make substantial contributions to our capacities for robust agency as well. But deep RL has made it possible for AI agents to be virtually embodied and situated in environments comparable to those inhabited by animals, and so it may be a compelling foundation for projects to emulate natural agency."
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