Barfield, W. (2016). Musings on Presence twenty-five years after "Being There". Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 25(2), 148–150.
Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 08/02/2019, 10:15
"we particularly need more studies on how the nonvisual modalities (e.g. haptic, gustatory, auditory, smell) affect the sense of presence"
Barfield, W., & Danas, E. (1996). Comments on the use of olfactory displays for virtual environments. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 5(1), 109–121.
Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard Last edited by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 27/07/2018, 15:21
Notes that VEs (at the time of writing) do have smell even without specific olfactory devices but these are odours from the equipment, laboratory etc. and this often provides conflicting smell stimuli.
Benyon, D., Smyth, M., O'Neill, S., McCall, R., & Carroll, F. (2006). The place probe: Exploring a sense of place in real and virtual environments. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 15(6), 668–687.
Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 16/09/2018, 15:17
"the sense of presence requires a body; it is not just a mental construct."
Bormann, K. (2005). Presence and the utility of audio spatialization. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 14(3), 278–297.
Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 06/03/2018, 11:02
Bouchard, S., St-Jacques, J., Robillard, G., & Renaud, P. (2008). Anxiety increases the feeling of presence in virtual reality. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 17(4), 376–391.
Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard Last edited by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 14/08/2020, 15:36
Not only external factors but also "psychological states and appraisal patterns of users might also affect presence."
Suggest that there is a limit to the linear equation between increasing sophistication of immersive technology/level of realism and development of presence.
Brotons-Mas, J. R., & O'Mara, S. (2006). Neural processing of spatial information: What we know about place cells and what they can tell us about presence. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 15(5), 485–499.
Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 09/03/2018, 09:02
Bystrom, K.-E., Barfield, W., & Hendrix, C. (1999). A conceptual model of the sense of presence in virtual environments. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 8(2), 241–244.
Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard Last edited by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 11/09/2018, 17:22
Cavazza, M., Lugrin, J.-L., & Buehner, M. (2007). Causal perception in virtual reality and its implications for presence factors. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 16(6), 623–642.
Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 09/03/2018, 11:04
Chertoff, D. B., Schatz, S. L., McDaniel, R., & Bowers, C. A. (2008). Improving presence theory through experiential design. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 17(4), 405–413.
Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard Last edited by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 27/09/2018, 16:27
Mat. 10/10
"presence is an emergent factor due to the interaction of many components [...] it is a result that is greater than the sum of its parts."
"Current virtual environments are primarily conceptualized as information technologies, while they should instead be considered "knowledge technologies"."
Proposes 5 dimensions to presence (dimensions come from experience design theories):
sensory – sensory input and perceptions (VR: hardware and software)
affective – emotional state (VR: emotions in VR mimic emotions in same RW scenario?)
active – personal connection, incorporation into personal narrative (VR: empathy, avatar identification etc.)
relational – social aspects (VR: co-experience and collaborative experience of VR)
Dickerson, J. A., & Kosko, B. (1994). Virtual worlds as fuzzy cognitive maps. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 3(2), 173–189.
Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 28/02/2018, 08:18
van den Doel, K., & Pai, D. K. (1998). The sounds of physical shapes. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 7(4), 382–395.
Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 31/07/2018, 11:26
Durlach, N. I., Shinn-Cunningham, B. G., & Held, R. M. (1993). Supernormal auditory localization: I. general background. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 2(2), 89–103.
Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 28/02/2018, 08:21
Durlach, N., & Slater, M. (2000). Presence in shared virtual environments and virtual togetherness. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 9(2), 214–217.
Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 02/08/2018, 12:05
Ellis, S. R. (1996). Presence of mind: A reaction to Thomas Sheridan's "further musings on the psychophysics of presence". Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 5(2), 247–259.
Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard Last edited by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 26/07/2018, 10:46
Discussing how measurements of aspects of "a virtual environment display convince its users that they are present in a synthetic world"
"As more and more sources of sensory information and envrionmental control are available, the process of virtualization [...] can be more and more complete until the resulting impression is indistinguishable from physical reality"
"one could consider the normal functioning of the human sensory systems as the special case in which the detection of physical energy and the interpretation of patterned sensory impressions result in the perception of real objects in the surrounding physical environment. In this respect perception of the physical environment resolves to the case in which through a process of systematic doubt, it is impossible for an observer to refute the hypothesis that the apparent source of sensory stimulus is indeed its physical source."
"A clear meaning for virtual as used in this paper may be based on a more general concept: virtualization, which can be considered the process by which a viewer interprets patterned sensory impressions to represent objects in an environment other than that from which the impressions physically originate."
In suggesting that interface performance in virtual environments can be improved by decreasing presence, Ellis suggests removing or controlling the realism of spatial information.
Flach, J. M., & Holden, J. G. (1998). The reality of experience: Gibson's way. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 7(1), 90–95.
Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard Last edited by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 11/09/2018, 17:21
Re Gibson, "action takes precedence. The experience depends more on what can be "done" than on the quality of visual or acoustic images."
"the reality of experience (i.e. presence or immersion)."
"in the design of experiences in virtual environments the constraints on action take precedence over the constraints on perception."
Floridi, L. (2005). The philosophy of presence: From epistemic failure to successful observation. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 14(6), 656–667.
Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 09/03/2018, 08:42
Fontaine, G. (1992). The experience of a sense of presence in intercultural and international encounters. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 1(4), 482–490.
Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard Last edited by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 11/09/2018, 17:21
Two major differences between flow and presence: "(1) flow involves a narrow focus on a limited range of task characteristics, whereas presence involves a broader awareness of the task ecology; and (2) flow is associated with feelings of control whereas presence has been associated with novel ecologies involving a lack of predictability that makes feelings of control difficult."
Freeman, J., Avons, S. E., Meddis, R., Pearson, D. E., & IJsselsteijn, W. (2000). Using behavioral realism to estimate presence: A study of the utility of postural responses to motion stimuli. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 9(2), 149–164.
Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 11/09/2018, 17:03
"in the normal waking state, we are continually aware of our place in the surrounding environment. Direct sensory information confirming our location is always available and is continually updated. Thus, under normal circumstances, one's current location is a universal feature of awareness, rather than a quality that varies continuously over time. The subjective evaluation of presence requires graded ratings of a sensation that is typically invariant, and observers' lack of experience of rating presence is one possible explanation of the difficulty in providing stable ratings [...] A second, related issue is that there are no verbal descriptors of degrees of presence, because to date there has been no need to communicate such feelings [...] A third concern is that asking subjects to rate presence involves a conflict between sensation and knowledge. Observers know that they are currently in the test situation, and can remember how they got there [...] this conflict between sensation and knowledge is inherent in the measurement of presence [...] A final issue [...] is that the notion of presence is inextricably bound up with attentional factors. The extent to which an observer feels par of an environment may depend not only on the quality and extent of sensory information, but on the interest evoked by the displayed scene."
Freeman, J., Avons, S. E., Pearson, D. E., & IJsselsteijn, W. A. (1999). Effects of sensory information and prior experience on direct subjective ratings of presence. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 8(1), 1–13.
Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard Last edited by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 25/02/2018, 08:41
Friedman, D., Brogni, A., Guger, C., Antley, A., Steed, A., & Slater, M. (2006). Sharing and analyzing data from presence experiments. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 15(5), 599–610.
Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard Last edited by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 11/09/2018, 16:52
"We regard presence as a successful substitution of real sensory data by articifially generated sensory data. By a successful substitution we mean that the participant acts upon these artificially generated stimuli as if they came from the real world. By acting, we mean that we expect the participant’s response to be similar to the response in the real world on many levels, ranging from unconscious automatic responses through deliberate volitional behavior, up to the subjective feeling of being there."
