Huizinga, J. (1980). Homo ludens: A study of the play-element in culture. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. (Original work published 1949).
Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard Last edited by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 03/03/2025, 10:54
The opening statement: "PLAY is older than culture, for culture, however inadequately defined, always presupposes human society, and animals have not waited for man to teach them their playing. We can safely assert, even, that human civilization has added no essential feature to the general idea of play. Animals play just like men."
Nicod, J. (1970). Geometry and induction. J. Bell & M. Woods, Trans. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. (Original work published 1930).
Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard Last edited by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard 24/01/2024, 09:20
"Let us [. . .] rediscover geometry in the book of nature [. . .] experience rests not on space, but on bodies, or more generally on the sensible. However, geometry insinuates itself into the expression of any experience through the situations of the objects and observers, which are part of the circumstances of any sensible fact."
"we see two types of induction. One proceeds by a simple enumeration of instances. It bases itself solely on their number, and does not claim to derive from that aything but a probability, which may be more or less strong. The other, however, proceeds by the analysis of circumstances. Being sure of itself, it relies entirely on care, and not at all on repetition, and it aims at certainty. Of these two types of induction, only the latter seems to correspond to the practice and even the spirit of science. A single experience, the scientist thinks, provided that every care has been taken, can bring us at a single stroke all the certainty that is attainable; to wish to build anything whatever on repetition is unworthy of the intelligence."
Critically quotes Francis Bacon: "Inductio per enumerationem simplicem precario concludit et periculo exponitur ab instantia contradictoria"
