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Schubert, T., Friedmann, F., & Regenbrecht, H. (2001). The experience of presence: Factor analytic insights. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 10(3), 266–281. Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard (28/02/2018, 08:03) Last edited by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard (06/07/2020, 08:57) |
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| Resource type: Journal Article Peer reviewed DOI: 10.1162/105474601300343603 ID no. (ISBN etc.): 1054-7460 BibTeX citation key: Schubert2001 Email resource to friend View all bibliographic details  |
Categories: General Keywords: Immersion, Presence, Presence (definition), Self-presence Creators: Friedmann, Regenbrecht, Schubert Publisher: MIT Press (Cambridge, Massachusetts) Collection: Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments |
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| Abstract |
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"Within an embodied cognition framework, it is argued that presence in a virtual environment (VE) develops from the construction of a spatial-functional mental model of the VE. Two cognitive processes lead to this model: the representation of bodily actions as possible actions in the VE, and the suppression of incompatible sensory input. It is hypothesized that the conscious sense of presence reflects these two components as spatial presence and involvement. This prediction was confirmed in two studies (N = 246 and N = 296) assessing self-reports of presence and immersion experiences. Additionally, judgments of “realness” were observed as a third presence component. A second-order factor analysis showed a distinction between presence, immersion, and interaction factors. Building on these results, a thirteen-item presence scale consisting of three independent components was developed and verified using confirmatory factor analyses across the two studies.
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| Quotes |
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p.267
Noting Slater and Wilbur's (Slater & Wilbur 1997; Bystrom, Barfield, & Hendrix 1999) and others' equation between immersive properties and sense of immersion: "It would be misleading, however, to assume a one-to-one relationship between immersion and presence. One must take into account the cognitive processes leading from stimuli perception to presence. Cognitive processes mediate the impact of immersion on the development of presence [...] Stimuli from a VE are only the raw material for the mind that constructs a mental picture of a surrounding world" Bystrom, K.-E., Barfield, W., & Hendrix, C. (1999). A conceptual model of the sense of presence in virtual environments. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 8(2), 241–244. Slater, M., & Wilbur, S. (1997). A framework for immersive virtual environments (FIVE): Speculations on the role of presence in virtual environments. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 6(6), 603–616. Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard Keywords: Immersion Presence Presence (definition) |
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p.267
"Consider the following possibility: you mentally represented a VE in terms of what you, with your body, can do in it. Is it possible that presence then depends on which actions you consider possible in the VE?"
Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard
Keywords: Immersion Presence Presence (definition) |
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pp.268–269
"The sense of presence is a conscious experience. We propose that a presence experience (the sense of presence) results from the interpretation of the mental model of the VE, which is the outcome of the cognitive processes. We become consciously present as an effect of interpreting our own mental construct [...] two cognitive processes are involved in the emergence of presence: construction of a mental model and attention allocation. Conscious presence experiences should reflect these two processes: presence should involve awareness of possible action patterns and the awareness of the attention allocation necessary to construct it. Therefore, the sense of presence should involve at least two components: the sense that we are located in and act from within the VE, and the sense that we are concentrating on the VE and ignoring the real environment."
Added by: Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard
Keywords: Immersion Presence Presence (definition) |